Sunday, June 21, 2020
Tuesday, June 2, 2020
Lex Anteinternet: June 2, 1920. Ships and faraway places.
Note hte engine on the far left:
Lex Anteinternet: June 2, 1920. Ships and faraway places.:
Lex Anteinternet: June 2, 1920. Ships and faraway places.:
June 2, 1920. Ships and faraway places.
Workmen posing before the launch of the USS Neches, Boston Navy Yard, June 2, 1920. The ship was an oiler that would serve for 22 years until sunk by the Japanese submarine I-72 on January 23, 1942.
On the same day a Shia revolt commenced in Iraq. Known as the Great Iraqi Revolt, the revolution would run its course for months before the British were able to put it down. The British would deploy aircraft using air delivered poisonous gas during the war and at least 8,000 Iraqi lives were lost during the conflict, as well as 500 British lives.
The United States Congress rejected the proposal that the country engage in a League of Nations mandate over Armenia.
Friday, May 29, 2020
Lex Anteinternet: May 29, 1920. Good Roads Week.
Lex Anteinternet: May 29, 1920. Good Roads Week.:
May 29, 1920. Good Roads Week.
First East Bay Ship by Truck Tour, May 17-22, 1920, Robert W. Martland, Train Commander. Copyright deposit, May 29, 1920. Not juxtaposition next to railroad. . . a sign of things to come. The five day tour, which included military and civilian trucks, was part of Good Roads Week.
Monday, May 25, 2020
Lex Anteinternet: A Memorial Day Reflection on the Second World War....
Lex Anteinternet: A Memorial Day Reflection on the Second World War....:
A need for an Interstate Highway System, by which is meant a good one, was also noted.
This is one of those things where I'd disagree. It's often stated that Eisenhower was really impressed with the German Autobahn, which was really a massive German public works project during the pre war Nazi years there, and he may have really been. But I think it was the ongoing evolution of the automobile that made the Interstate Highway System come in. It was billed a defense program but that was, quite frankly, a funding charade.
What that does bring up, however, is the massive expansion of government that started with the Great Depression and which kept on keeping on during World War Two and which never went away thereafter. It wasn't until the Reagan administration of the 1980s that contraction of any kind started, and its never contracted to its pre 1932 level. Prior to the Great Depression the nation would never have undertaken a highway construction project on a national level, and not until World War Two would the country thought of trying to pass it off as a defense measure.
That act, of course, lead to the demise of passenger rail in US, so its another thing that had a mixed result.
Friday, May 8, 2020
Lex Anteinternet: Burlington Northern to layoff 130 and to close two...
Lex Anteinternet: Burlington Northern to layoff 130 and to close two...:
Burlington Northern to layoff 130 and to close two maintenance facilities in Wyoming.
The facilities are in Rozet and Guernsey.
The slow down in the economy is being cited for the reason, brought about by the COVID 19 pandemic. Combined with that, the BNSF heavily relies upon coal hauling, which has been in decline with the decline in coal.
Suffice it to say, bad news for the employees and for the state as well.
Tuesday, April 28, 2020
Lex Anteinternet: Trains, Planes and Automobiles. . . and the Coronavirus
Lex Anteinternet: Trains, Planes and Automobiles. . . and the Corona...:
Trains, Planes and Automobiles. . . and the Coronavirus Pandemic
Unless you have a special interest in them, you probably haven't been thinking much about means of transportation lately.
Indeed, you probably haven't been going anywhere much, for that matter.
But because we have a special interest in the topic, and have dedicated blogs on two of the three title items here, we've been thinking about them a little, and we're seeing some interesting things going on.
Let's take the oldest topic first, trains. We have a companion blog that's just dedicated to that topic. Have the railroad been impacted by the COVID 19 Pandemic? We'll, here's a recent industry magazine headline on what's going on.
So indeed, it would appear so.
Regionally, at least one of the railroads has been furloughing employees. Coal is collapsing, there isn't really anywhere near as much oil shipped by rail as there once was and oil is down anyway, and we're entering what appears to be a pretty deep recession.
Not a cheery scenario for the railroads right now at all.
So what about air then?
Indeed, you probably haven't been going anywhere much, for that matter.
But because we have a special interest in the topic, and have dedicated blogs on two of the three title items here, we've been thinking about them a little, and we're seeing some interesting things going on.
US rail traffic falls off a cliff
So indeed, it would appear so.
Regionally, at least one of the railroads has been furloughing employees. Coal is collapsing, there isn't really anywhere near as much oil shipped by rail as there once was and oil is down anyway, and we're entering what appears to be a pretty deep recession.
Not a cheery scenario for the railroads right now at all.
So what about air then?
Not looking super either.
Air travel has decreased 96% due to COVID 19. That's a whopping huge decrease to say the least.
96%.
Flights locally have been reduced 50%. No need for all of the old ones, and it's not like they were flying out of here every few minutes as it was. Cheyenne cancelled a run to Dallas it had (until they cancelled it, I didn't know that they even had one).
As a minor plus, Cody's airport is going to receive $18,000,000 in the form of a grant, which was a surprise to them, but that is fairly minor in comparison to what's otherwise going on.
Well, all this shouldn't impact automobiles, that old standby, right?
Well there'd certainly be good reason to suspect it wouldn't. Oil is below $20bbl and now at an all time historic low. Prices at the pump have been dropping. Should be great for cars, right?
Nope. Sales of automobiles have crashed. People just aren't going out and buying, and in a lot of places, of course, they can't. And they likely don't want to either.
Hired automobile rides, such as Uber, are also down, not surprisingly.
Interesting times.
Saturday, March 7, 2020
Lex Anteinternet: The Wyoming Legislature 2020, Part Two
Lex Anteinternet: The Wyoming Legislature 2020, Part Two: March 7, 2020
A lot of bills died this past week, some of which died through a parliamentary move of legislative leaders just not assigning a bill that passed the other house to a committee. Stuff like that tends to make the bills supporters mad, but its a long established legislative practice and it demonstrates why a leadership position has real power.
So, as to bills that didn't make it.
* * *
And the House bill that required two man train crews died in the Senate.
A lot of bills died this past week, some of which died through a parliamentary move of legislative leaders just not assigning a bill that passed the other house to a committee. Stuff like that tends to make the bills supporters mad, but its a long established legislative practice and it demonstrates why a leadership position has real power.
So, as to bills that didn't make it.
* * *
And the House bill that required two man train crews died in the Senate.
Sunday, March 1, 2020
Lex Anteinternet: March 1, 2020. Railroads Revert To Civilian Control.
Lex Anteinternet: March 1, 2020. Railroads Revert To Civilian Contro...:
On this day in 1920, the railroads, which had been taken over by the U.S. Government during World War One reverted to civilian control.
The country's rail had been nationalized during the war and then run by the United States Railroad Administration as the system was proving to not be up to the tasks that were imposed upon it due to the crisis of World War One. Additionally, concerns over pricing and labor unrest called for the action. Following the war there was some serious consideration given to retaining national control over the lines, which labor favored, but in the end the government returned the system to its owners.
While U.S. administration of the railroad infrastructure was a success, it was not repeated during the Second World War when the rail system was just as heavily taxed by an even heavier wartime demand. There proved to be no need to do it during World War Two.
Not too surprisingly, the news featured prominently on the cover of Laramie's newspapers, as the Laramie was, and is, a major Union Pacific Railroad town.
On the same day a movie featuring Wyoming as the location (which doesn't mean it was filmed here), was released.
Likewise, the reversion was big news to the double railhead town of Casper.
In reality, the sheep wars in Wyoming had largely come to an end by this time, although it was definitely within living memory. The Spring Creek Raid of 1909 had only been a decade prior, and there had been two more raids in 1911 and 1912, although nobody had been killed in those two latter events. The peace was, however, still an uneasy one, perhaps oddly aided by a massive decline in sheep, which still were vast in number, caused by economic conditions during the 1910s. By 1914, the number of sheep on Wyoming's ranges had been cut 40% from recent numbers. World War One reversed the decline, and then dumped the industry flat, as the war increased the demand for wool uniforms and then the demand suddenly ended with the end of Germany's fortunes. Colorado, however, would see a sheep raid as late as this year, 1920.
The novel the movie was based on was by author, Caroline Lockhart, a figure who is still recalled and celebrated in Cody, Wyoming.
Illinois born Lockhart had been raised on a ranch in Kansas and was college educated. She had aspired to be an actress but turned to writing and became a newspaper reporter in Boston and Philadelphia before moving to Cody, Wyoming in 1904 at age 33, where she soon became a novelist. During the war years she relocated to Denver, but was back in Cody shortly thereafter, until she purchased a ranch in Montana, showing how successful her writing had become. She ranched and wrote from there, spending winters in Cody until she retired there in 1950. She passed away in 1962.
The Fighting Shepherdess was her fifth of seven published novels, the last being published in 1933.
March 1, 2020. Railroads Revert To Civilian Control, Caroline Lockhart hits the Screen.
On this day in 1920, the railroads, which had been taken over by the U.S. Government during World War One reverted to civilian control.
The country's rail had been nationalized during the war and then run by the United States Railroad Administration as the system was proving to not be up to the tasks that were imposed upon it due to the crisis of World War One. Additionally, concerns over pricing and labor unrest called for the action. Following the war there was some serious consideration given to retaining national control over the lines, which labor favored, but in the end the government returned the system to its owners.
While U.S. administration of the railroad infrastructure was a success, it was not repeated during the Second World War when the rail system was just as heavily taxed by an even heavier wartime demand. There proved to be no need to do it during World War Two.
Not too surprisingly, the news featured prominently on the cover of Laramie's newspapers, as the Laramie was, and is, a major Union Pacific Railroad town.
On the same day a movie featuring Wyoming as the location (which doesn't mean it was filmed here), was released.
Likewise, the reversion was big news to the double railhead town of Casper.
The Fighting Sheperdess was the story of just that, a fighting female sheep rancher was was struggling to keep her sheep ranch against raiding cattlemen.
In reality, the sheep wars in Wyoming had largely come to an end by this time, although it was definitely within living memory. The Spring Creek Raid of 1909 had only been a decade prior, and there had been two more raids in 1911 and 1912, although nobody had been killed in those two latter events. The peace was, however, still an uneasy one, perhaps oddly aided by a massive decline in sheep, which still were vast in number, caused by economic conditions during the 1910s. By 1914, the number of sheep on Wyoming's ranges had been cut 40% from recent numbers. World War One reversed the decline, and then dumped the industry flat, as the war increased the demand for wool uniforms and then the demand suddenly ended with the end of Germany's fortunes. Colorado, however, would see a sheep raid as late as this year, 1920.
The novel the movie was based on was by author, Caroline Lockhart, a figure who is still recalled and celebrated in Cody, Wyoming.
The Fighting Shepherdess was her fifth of seven published novels, the last being published in 1933.
Friday, February 28, 2020
Lex Anteinternet: The Wyoming Legislature 2020, Part Two: Wyoming legislature passes bill requiring trains to have two crewmen.
Lex Anteinternet: The Wyoming Legislature 2020, Part Two: February 28, 2020
In other legislative news, a bill that would require train crews to be no less than two passed.
In other legislative news, a bill that would require train crews to be no less than two passed.
Sunday, February 16, 2020
Former Chicago & Northwester Depot, Lander Wyoming.
Up until now, I've somehow managed to miss putting up a photograph of this former Chicago & Northwestern Depot in Lander, Wyoming, which now serves as the Lander Chamber of Commerce building. That may be because, as these photos suggest, downtown Lander, in spite of Lander being a small town, is pretty crowded in some ways and I missed the depot early on, and had a hard time catching it in a photographic state later.
Indeed, I never really did catch it in an ideal state to be photographed.
Lander was the western most stop on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. The line sometimes called itself the "Cowboy Line" and this lent itself to the slogan "where the rails end, the trails begin". In 1973 the railroad abandoned the stretch of the line between Riverton and Lander, and since then of course it's ceased operation entirely. The railroad, which like many railroads, was the product of mergers and acquisitions and was doing that right up to the late 1960s when its fortunes began to change.
In Wyoming its line ran astride the Burlington Northern's in many locations but it alone ran on to Lander. Starting in the early 70s, it began to contract in Wyoming and then pulled out altogether. The Union Pacific purchased its assets at some point, although its now the case that all of its old rail has been pulled. Indeed, unless you know that the CNW had once run to Lander, you wouldn't know that Lander had once had rail service at all, let alone that it had it as far back as 1906.
Thursday, December 5, 2019
Holscher's Hub: Pentax: Built like a tank
Holscher's Hub: Pentax: Built like a tank: So states a professional photography blog naming the Pentax K1 full frame one of the three bests cameras of 2019. And they are. The revi...
Thursday, November 28, 2019
Lex Anteinternet: November 28, 1919. The Union Pacific Gives Up, Me...
Lex Anteinternet: November 28, 1919. The Union Pacific Gives Up, Me...:
November 28, 1919. The Union Pacific Gives Up, Mexico erupts, Ships launched and Heroines
The Union Pacific declared that it was giving up the search for Bill Carlisle on this post Thanksgiving Day (prior to it being Black Friday) and it was blaming Wyomingites for that. It held that they were too sympathetic to the train robber and lambasted the state's residents for that in no uncertain terms.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Today In Wyoming's History: November 21. Trains and Depots in the news.
Today In Wyoming's History: November 21:
Trains and depots figure in Wyoming's history for this day.
1919 Chasing Carlisle. November 21, 1919
But by the same token, by 1919 the criminal sanctuary no longer was one. There was no more Hole In The Wall Gang. Most of the former members of that group were dead, in prison, or reformed. Following the Tipton train robbery by The Wild Bunch, the authorities were no longer willing to tolerate the lack of law enforcement that allowed it to continue to exist and were willing to expend the resources necessary to penetrate it. Prior to that happening, the badmen dispersed. Some would return, and as late as the 00s, but they weren't hitting trains.
Carlisle was.
Trains and depots figure in Wyoming's history for this day.
November 21
1887 The Wyoming Central Railway opened its line between Douglas and Glenrock, thereby extending its rail service to the state line.
1919 Chasing Carlisle. November 21, 1919
The Hole In the Wall Country, November 2019.
On this day in 1919, the newspapers were reporting that Bill Carlisle was headed for a location that was the archtype of destination for regional bands. . . some twenty years prior.
The Hole In the Wall.
After all, where would a Wyoming train robber on the lam go, other than to the same place that Butch and Sundance had?
Scene from the Red Wall Country, November 2019.
Well, it was a romantic notion. Wyoming in 1919 wasn't the Wyoming of 1899, or even 1909, no matter how much the thought of a wild flight to the Hole In The Wall might have been fancied the imagination of a people for whom that region had been an impenetrable criminal fortress only a couple of decades prior.
In 1919, the territory was still wild in many ways. Indeed, the first decade of the 20th Century saw an ongoing range war in the form of a cattlemen v. sheepmen killings. As late as the latter part of the first decade of the 20th Century a criminal escapee simply disappeared forever.
But by the same token, by 1919 the criminal sanctuary no longer was one. There was no more Hole In The Wall Gang. Most of the former members of that group were dead, in prison, or reformed. Following the Tipton train robbery by The Wild Bunch, the authorities were no longer willing to tolerate the lack of law enforcement that allowed it to continue to exist and were willing to expend the resources necessary to penetrate it. Prior to that happening, the badmen dispersed. Some would return, and as late as the 00s, but they weren't hitting trains.
Carlisle was.
Buffalo Creek Canyon, December 2019.
Indeed, part of the appeal of the Carlisle story is that he was already an anachronism, in his own time. In 1919, the year after the Great War had ended, a war which had featured aircraft and submarines and mass violence on a mass scale, Carlisle was out on his own, in the vast countryside, raiding trains, badly.
People were sort of rooting for him.
Even as they knew, he'd be caught.
1940 Ernest Hemingway and Martha Gellhorn were married in Cheyenne. The wedding took place at the Union Pacific Depot dining room. Attribution: Wyoming State Historical Society.
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Lex Anteinternet: November 19, 1919. Robbing No. 19 and Rejecting t...
Lex Anteinternet: November 19, 1919. Robbing No. 19 and Rejecting t...:
Robbing a train as soon as you escape the pen for robbing trains does seem like a pretty bad idea. At least one paper wondered if it was actually him.
You have to wonder what Carlisle was thinking. How did he plan on getting away with this?
By this time, it was also clear that the proposed Versailles Peace Treaty was in real trouble in the U.S. Senate.
Indeed, it was in so much trouble that on this day in 1919, the Senate voted to reject the Treaty, with Republican opposition to the League of Nations being a major cause of that vote.
There would be a couple of more attempts, but the United States never did ratify the treaty, passing instead a peace treaty with Germany later that adopted much of it, but not all of it. The US would not join the League of Nations.
November 19, 1919. Robbing No. 19 and Rejecting the Versailles Treaty
Robbing a train as soon as you escape the pen for robbing trains does seem like a pretty bad idea. At least one paper wondered if it was actually him.
You have to wonder what Carlisle was thinking. How did he plan on getting away with this?
By this time, it was also clear that the proposed Versailles Peace Treaty was in real trouble in the U.S. Senate.
Indeed, it was in so much trouble that on this day in 1919, the Senate voted to reject the Treaty, with Republican opposition to the League of Nations being a major cause of that vote.
There would be a couple of more attempts, but the United States never did ratify the treaty, passing instead a peace treaty with Germany later that adopted much of it, but not all of it. The US would not join the League of Nations.
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Monday, October 14, 2019
Friday, October 11, 2019
Lex Anteinternet: What about Fruit? Foods, Seasons, and our Memories, Part Two. A Hundred Years Ago
Lex Anteinternet: What about Fruit? Foods, Seasons, and our Memorie...:
I just posted this item on vegetables and how seasonal they were.
Originally I planned on dealing with fruits and vegetables. But I ended up limiting it to vegetables for the most part.
Let's start with the obvious. Fruits native to higher latitudes are pretty limited, globally.
They aren't wholly absent. Apples, for example, do grow pretty far north.
Oranges, however, do not.
Let's also add something that's generally not pondered, that being that where fruit grows today is the product of introduction. Almost every fruit you can think of that we deal with commonly isn't grown today, even if that's just in your backyard, in the area from which it is originally from.
In our current era there's a big movement to be fearful of Genetically Modified Organisms, or GMOs. Truth be known, however, in terms of plants, unless you are eating a highly local diet purely of what grows there naturally, you are eating GMOs. They're GMOs that came about due to selection of characteristics, and that's farmer selection, not the natural selection that's a feature of evolution. We don't recognize that as its been going on so long.
Apples we mentioned above. Apples are interesting in that they're spread around the globe now and in a zillion varieties. There are apple groves all over. But apples are originally from Central Asia. They've spread everywhere from there, thanks to humans, as we like apples.
Even the word "apple" is interesting in this context. Apple is a cognate of the German word Apfel, and that word is one of the words we know to have been passed down from Indo European. It's an ancient, ancient word. It predates history. We don't know, however, if the word referred to apples. The better guess is that it just referred to any kind of fruit.** The fruit early Indo Europeans were eating aren't well known today. They could have included apples, but more likely were pears, which have a gigantic natural distribution.
The point is that everything we write about, or experience, is in some ways defined by the era. This blog focuses on the 1890 to 1920 time frame, although it dabbles in everything else and every other era. But when we're speaking of food in these recent posts, we're dealing with the early parts of our own era, and going back about a century or so.***
If we go back further, we're dealing with a much different set of circumstances. If, as an example, we're dealing with Bob CroMagnon in the year 10,000 BC, well we're dealing with highly local foods, rather obviously. If we're dealing with the year 1774, however, and talking about the North American East Coast, we're already talking about a highly altered food landscape with lots and lots of foods being grown and consumed locally that weren't natural.
Put another way, when you or your predecessor go out in your backyard in the 42 deg North region in North America, and pick an apple or perhaps a pear, you are picking a non native, and frankly highly selectivised fruit. Jonathon Apples weren't here when Columbus showed up. . . for that matter they weren't here when the Vikings showed up either.
Neither, of course, were a lot of other things you eat.
Diverting a bit, none of this is intended to pick on locavores. Rather, it's to point out that even a less resource intensive or a more "natural", or agrarian, lifestyle still makes use of a lot of consumables that didn't originate here.****
Anyhow, as we've already dealt with, in the winter months in the upper half of North America, the fresh vegetable season ended in October. And as I've also addressed, I know that fresh fruit was quite restricted during the winter months most places. Indeed, a common memory for people my parents age was getting fruit for Christmas. My mother recollected that for Christmas she normally got a book and some fruit, and she thought that a pretty good Christmas. The 1964 Valdez Alaska tidal wave was so devastating as young people had gathered at the docks to get fruit from ships that came in, something they traditionally brought that time of year as a gift.
That resulted in the horrible loss of life, but in terms of what we're observing, there is no earthly way that young people today would gather at the docks to get oranges.
It just wouldn't happen.
I note all of this as its clear that transportation of fruit isn't what it now is, but that some of it did occur. How much, I'm not sure. So little that it did make the gift of fruit a real gift, but enough so that in Montreal you could get it.
So clearly a closer look was in order.
In looking up this topic I ran across one fruit company advertisement from the 1910s or 1920s (I'm not sure which, but likely the 20s) depicting a young woman with a hitched up skirt, posing with an orange.***** On the advertisement wast the logo of the Union Pacific Company.
And that reminded me of the Pacific Fruit Express.
All of which means I may have been partially in error. Or maybe not. Or maybe partially. Or not at all.
It's one of those things I don't know, and which is surprisingly hard to learn about easily. I'm sure it could be fleshed out, but not in an easy net sort of way.
The story, apparently, of the fast rail transportation of edible vegetation starts with oranges and California. Oranges were grown early in California with the planting of orange groves at Catholic missions in the state early on.****** Commercial growing of oranges commenced in the state in the 1840s and the arrival of the transcontinental railroad in the 1860s was exploited almost immediately by fruit growers, who shipped iced fruit back east, which was at a bare minimum already well known as a method of preserving fish. Coincidentally this same technological development coincided with the invention of the railroad refrigerator car, which we've dealt with elsewhere. As we've seen here already, the refrigerator car lead to the rise of the beef industry in a very rapid way, changing American's diets in that regard, and it lead to the rise of large scale breweries as well.
It also lead to the rail transportation of fruit.
By the 1870s, hybridization of oranges had lead to new varieties and oranges became sort of a national mania.
By the 1890s this had become such a big deal that t he state entered its "Orange Era". The Santa Fe exploited citrus by introducing a large fleet of fast refrigerator cars to move citrus. This lead the Southern Pacific and the Union Pacific to combine to create the Pacific Fruit Express in 1906, which grew to be the largest refrigerator rail car leasing entity in the world.^
Having refrigerator cars already, Armour, the meat packing company, soon entered into competition with Pacific Fruit Express. The Sherman Anti Trust Act intervened, however, and Armour had to divest itself of its fruit shipping branch, which lead to the creation of the Fruit Growers Express in 1919.^^ It merged with Great Northern Railway into a new entity in 1923 designed specifically to compete with the Pacific Fruit Express, emerging as the Western Fruit Express.
*I also linked this in to our companion blog on railroads, in case my assumptions about rail transportation are in error, fwiw.
**FWIW, another long surviving word is "Bear". That says something. The Indo European word "apple" having survived so long due to people liking fruit and needing to eat. Bear, on the other hand, is still around as bears are dangerous.
***I know that is popular to talk in terms of "modern" vs. "post modern". Well that's a load of crap. When historians look back two centuries from now, 1890 is going to be part of the same era you are living in right now. We'll deal with that some other time, but the whole post modern thing is the age old phenomenon of people defining any era they live in as the best of all times, or the worst of all times, or both at the same time.
****As an aide, just recently the Tribune ran an article on a fellow, and some of his disciples, who really, really eat local, and have for a long time. The individual, dating back to the 1970s, pretty much wondered around the Red Desert making use of what's available there.
*****Early orange advertisements, or at least those of the 1910s and 1920s, are exceedingly strange which is why I haven't posted any of them here. They seemed divided, basically, into three categories.
One of them featured Western scenes, such as cowboys, even though cowboys aren't noted for their orange consumption. The only example of such advertising I've seen in person is of that type, featuring a hard working cowboy, his cowboy pushed to the back of his head, admiring an orange.
Another type, however, featured young women. Some just featured young women, but some featured young women in alluring poses. More than a few featured young women who were barely dressed. All of this is really an unmistakable attempt to sell oranges based on something other than oranges, but why?
A third type featured Plains Indians, who are not noted for their orange consumption. Of course, oranges aren't native to North America at all, so it'd be really unlikely that a Sioux warrior would pop up over a hill and observe an orange grove. But that sort of depiction was common.
A hybrid type featured Indian women who had lost part of their clothing. That's odd in and of itself but semi nude women were common in advertising art prior to 1930 and therefore perhaps that's not as odd as it might seem. It is odd, however. It's sort of bizarrely imperialist in fact.
Attractive Indian women linger on, albeit barely, in advertising in two ways. The Land O Lakes dairy entity, a cooperative, still features their very early advertising logo of an attractive, but at least fully clad, Indian woman, even though Indian women of the era depicted would have found any dairy product unusual. The Navajo Trucking company still features its attractive stylized Indian woman on the doors of their trucks, in a very much post World War Two, pre 1960, type of illustration. I'm particularly amazed that the latter logo, and indeed the company name, haven't changed.
******While California today is desperate to deny it, and while its fairly clear the problems in the state have eclipsed its rise and its in a state of continual decline of all sorts, California owes its existence to Catholic missionary endeavors.
It owes its modern existence in part to mining, which is rather obvious, and partially even to oil exploration, but overall, very much to agriculture. In that sense, modern California is an example of the "tragedy of the Commons" written large. It's still a major food producer, but its also built over and paved over its base industry to a shocking degree.
^Rail cars are often leased, rather than owned.
^^That year again, 1919. It's amazing how important of year 1919 was in all sorts of ways.
^^^We're so used the there being certain Federal departments today, such as the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Education, that we tend to think they must have always existed.
The Department of Agriculture was actually created in 1860s, although some of its duties had bounced around in the Patent office prior to that. The Department of the Interior, therefore, very much predates the Department of Agriculture in any form. It didn't become a cabinet level department until 1889, almost the era that this post deals with.
That's significant for a lot of reasons, most of which we'll skip for the time being. Worth nothing here, however, is that the Federal government became hugely interested in agriculture during the 1930s, due to the Great Depression. Lots of programs sprang up at that time designed to deal with farm relief and environmental conditions that the 30s demanded. Not all of those were successful by any means.
The Depression was followed by World War Two which created a massive strain on the county's food production.
And that was followed by the Cold War and the 1950s, which started a really odd era of "get big or get out" that was partially fueled by Cold War fears, partially fueled by the "cheap food" policy of the era, and partially fueled by apocalyptic food scenarios that the government feared. We still live in that era as its become institutionalized, although in terms of direct involvement, the Federal government has much reduce its activities.
What about Fruit? Foods, Seasons, and our Memories, Part Two. A Hundred Years Ago.
Central Pacific Fast Fruit Train, 1886.
Lex Anteinternet: Foods, Seasons, and our Memories. A Hundred Year...: The last garden I put in, 2017. Another interesting entry on A Hundred Years Ago. The Last Fresh Vegetable Month I've touched ...In that I noted that it was apparently the case that they were not transported by rail.*
Originally I planned on dealing with fruits and vegetables. But I ended up limiting it to vegetables for the most part.
Let's start with the obvious. Fruits native to higher latitudes are pretty limited, globally.
They aren't wholly absent. Apples, for example, do grow pretty far north.
Oranges, however, do not.
Let's also add something that's generally not pondered, that being that where fruit grows today is the product of introduction. Almost every fruit you can think of that we deal with commonly isn't grown today, even if that's just in your backyard, in the area from which it is originally from.
In our current era there's a big movement to be fearful of Genetically Modified Organisms, or GMOs. Truth be known, however, in terms of plants, unless you are eating a highly local diet purely of what grows there naturally, you are eating GMOs. They're GMOs that came about due to selection of characteristics, and that's farmer selection, not the natural selection that's a feature of evolution. We don't recognize that as its been going on so long.
Apples we mentioned above. Apples are interesting in that they're spread around the globe now and in a zillion varieties. There are apple groves all over. But apples are originally from Central Asia. They've spread everywhere from there, thanks to humans, as we like apples.
Even the word "apple" is interesting in this context. Apple is a cognate of the German word Apfel, and that word is one of the words we know to have been passed down from Indo European. It's an ancient, ancient word. It predates history. We don't know, however, if the word referred to apples. The better guess is that it just referred to any kind of fruit.** The fruit early Indo Europeans were eating aren't well known today. They could have included apples, but more likely were pears, which have a gigantic natural distribution.
The point is that everything we write about, or experience, is in some ways defined by the era. This blog focuses on the 1890 to 1920 time frame, although it dabbles in everything else and every other era. But when we're speaking of food in these recent posts, we're dealing with the early parts of our own era, and going back about a century or so.***
If we go back further, we're dealing with a much different set of circumstances. If, as an example, we're dealing with Bob CroMagnon in the year 10,000 BC, well we're dealing with highly local foods, rather obviously. If we're dealing with the year 1774, however, and talking about the North American East Coast, we're already talking about a highly altered food landscape with lots and lots of foods being grown and consumed locally that weren't natural.
Put another way, when you or your predecessor go out in your backyard in the 42 deg North region in North America, and pick an apple or perhaps a pear, you are picking a non native, and frankly highly selectivised fruit. Jonathon Apples weren't here when Columbus showed up. . . for that matter they weren't here when the Vikings showed up either.
Neither, of course, were a lot of other things you eat.
Diverting a bit, none of this is intended to pick on locavores. Rather, it's to point out that even a less resource intensive or a more "natural", or agrarian, lifestyle still makes use of a lot of consumables that didn't originate here.****
Anyhow, as we've already dealt with, in the winter months in the upper half of North America, the fresh vegetable season ended in October. And as I've also addressed, I know that fresh fruit was quite restricted during the winter months most places. Indeed, a common memory for people my parents age was getting fruit for Christmas. My mother recollected that for Christmas she normally got a book and some fruit, and she thought that a pretty good Christmas. The 1964 Valdez Alaska tidal wave was so devastating as young people had gathered at the docks to get fruit from ships that came in, something they traditionally brought that time of year as a gift.
That resulted in the horrible loss of life, but in terms of what we're observing, there is no earthly way that young people today would gather at the docks to get oranges.
It just wouldn't happen.
I note all of this as its clear that transportation of fruit isn't what it now is, but that some of it did occur. How much, I'm not sure. So little that it did make the gift of fruit a real gift, but enough so that in Montreal you could get it.
So clearly a closer look was in order.
In looking up this topic I ran across one fruit company advertisement from the 1910s or 1920s (I'm not sure which, but likely the 20s) depicting a young woman with a hitched up skirt, posing with an orange.***** On the advertisement wast the logo of the Union Pacific Company.
And that reminded me of the Pacific Fruit Express.
All of which means I may have been partially in error. Or maybe not. Or maybe partially. Or not at all.
It's one of those things I don't know, and which is surprisingly hard to learn about easily. I'm sure it could be fleshed out, but not in an easy net sort of way.
The story, apparently, of the fast rail transportation of edible vegetation starts with oranges and California. Oranges were grown early in California with the planting of orange groves at Catholic missions in the state early on.****** Commercial growing of oranges commenced in the state in the 1840s and the arrival of the transcontinental railroad in the 1860s was exploited almost immediately by fruit growers, who shipped iced fruit back east, which was at a bare minimum already well known as a method of preserving fish. Coincidentally this same technological development coincided with the invention of the railroad refrigerator car, which we've dealt with elsewhere. As we've seen here already, the refrigerator car lead to the rise of the beef industry in a very rapid way, changing American's diets in that regard, and it lead to the rise of large scale breweries as well.
It also lead to the rail transportation of fruit.
By the 1870s, hybridization of oranges had lead to new varieties and oranges became sort of a national mania.
By the 1890s this had become such a big deal that t he state entered its "Orange Era". The Santa Fe exploited citrus by introducing a large fleet of fast refrigerator cars to move citrus. This lead the Southern Pacific and the Union Pacific to combine to create the Pacific Fruit Express in 1906, which grew to be the largest refrigerator rail car leasing entity in the world.^
Grapes being loaded into refrigerator car in 1923. Predictably, this scene is from California.
Having refrigerator cars already, Armour, the meat packing company, soon entered into competition with Pacific Fruit Express. The Sherman Anti Trust Act intervened, however, and Armour had to divest itself of its fruit shipping branch, which lead to the creation of the Fruit Growers Express in 1919.^^ It merged with Great Northern Railway into a new entity in 1923 designed specifically to compete with the Pacific Fruit Express, emerging as the Western Fruit Express.
Refrigerator car being loaded with strawberries, 1939.
So what this tells us is that by 1900 shipping fruit by rail was already a big deal and becoming a bigger deal. If fruit was shipped this way, logic would hold that other produce also was, but it's exceedingly difficult to find any reference to it or photographs of it, which leaves doubt as to how common it was. Seemingly not very, if it occurred at all.
But fruit was definitely being shipped in that fashion.
So why was it regarded as a treat?
I'm not really sure. Some of that may have to do with economics of earlier times. And some of it may be that we now live very much in the "cheap food" era. If we go back a century or so, that wasn't the case and there were no governmental incentives or directives to keep food cheap, which now there is. That's something that really was an offshoot of the Great Depression but more than that agricultural policies that came out of it and into full fruition during the 1950s.^^^
It's also, as we have seen, a byproduct of transportation.
We've clearly seen that in regard to the impact of railroads upon food, starting with our earlier look at refrigerator cars and meat and refrigerator cars and beer. Now we've looked at in regard to refrigerator cars and fruit. Railroads, during the time we're discussing, were the only fast way to move anything, but it's also the case that the time period we're discussing saw the onset of a major effort to improve roads and to create an interstate highway system. That pioneering effort had started some time ago, but the 1919 Motor Transport Convoy really put it into focus. Even something like the 1919 Air Derby, which we've also been reading about, did as well. In 1919 the highways remained primitive most places, a recent Casper paper here reported on somebody's trip to Denver taking 16 hours by car, for example. But they were about to be very much improved. As that occurred, the trucking industry would start to make its appearance, giving the railroads competition in everything. Once that was fully established, everything became to change in the produce world.
The first refrigerated truck trailers, cooled by ice, came in during the 1920s, so we're on the cusp of that now in terms of the focus of the blog. The first mechanically cooled truck trailers, came in during the 1930s, and that's a huge deal. Once that occurred, the ability to transport cooled vegetables really advanced. Now, of course, this has developed to where trucks have replaced trains entirely, at least for the time being, shipping right to the grocery store.
What we didn't address, however, and need to, is reefer ships. We don't think of refrigerated ships being part of this picture but they are. By 1876 the mechanically cooled reefer ship had come about and had already taken a load of meat from Argentina to Europe. By 1899 refrigerated ship deliveries of fruit to the United states were over 90,000 tons per year. Prior to World War One the United Fruit Company had already introduced refrigerator ships, some also hauling passengers, to ship its produce globally.
*I also linked this in to our companion blog on railroads, in case my assumptions about rail transportation are in error, fwiw.
**FWIW, another long surviving word is "Bear". That says something. The Indo European word "apple" having survived so long due to people liking fruit and needing to eat. Bear, on the other hand, is still around as bears are dangerous.
***I know that is popular to talk in terms of "modern" vs. "post modern". Well that's a load of crap. When historians look back two centuries from now, 1890 is going to be part of the same era you are living in right now. We'll deal with that some other time, but the whole post modern thing is the age old phenomenon of people defining any era they live in as the best of all times, or the worst of all times, or both at the same time.
****As an aide, just recently the Tribune ran an article on a fellow, and some of his disciples, who really, really eat local, and have for a long time. The individual, dating back to the 1970s, pretty much wondered around the Red Desert making use of what's available there.
*****Early orange advertisements, or at least those of the 1910s and 1920s, are exceedingly strange which is why I haven't posted any of them here. They seemed divided, basically, into three categories.
One of them featured Western scenes, such as cowboys, even though cowboys aren't noted for their orange consumption. The only example of such advertising I've seen in person is of that type, featuring a hard working cowboy, his cowboy pushed to the back of his head, admiring an orange.
Another type, however, featured young women. Some just featured young women, but some featured young women in alluring poses. More than a few featured young women who were barely dressed. All of this is really an unmistakable attempt to sell oranges based on something other than oranges, but why?
A third type featured Plains Indians, who are not noted for their orange consumption. Of course, oranges aren't native to North America at all, so it'd be really unlikely that a Sioux warrior would pop up over a hill and observe an orange grove. But that sort of depiction was common.
A hybrid type featured Indian women who had lost part of their clothing. That's odd in and of itself but semi nude women were common in advertising art prior to 1930 and therefore perhaps that's not as odd as it might seem. It is odd, however. It's sort of bizarrely imperialist in fact.
Attractive Indian women linger on, albeit barely, in advertising in two ways. The Land O Lakes dairy entity, a cooperative, still features their very early advertising logo of an attractive, but at least fully clad, Indian woman, even though Indian women of the era depicted would have found any dairy product unusual. The Navajo Trucking company still features its attractive stylized Indian woman on the doors of their trucks, in a very much post World War Two, pre 1960, type of illustration. I'm particularly amazed that the latter logo, and indeed the company name, haven't changed.
******While California today is desperate to deny it, and while its fairly clear the problems in the state have eclipsed its rise and its in a state of continual decline of all sorts, California owes its existence to Catholic missionary endeavors.
It owes its modern existence in part to mining, which is rather obvious, and partially even to oil exploration, but overall, very much to agriculture. In that sense, modern California is an example of the "tragedy of the Commons" written large. It's still a major food producer, but its also built over and paved over its base industry to a shocking degree.
^Rail cars are often leased, rather than owned.
^^That year again, 1919. It's amazing how important of year 1919 was in all sorts of ways.
^^^We're so used the there being certain Federal departments today, such as the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Education, that we tend to think they must have always existed.
The Department of Agriculture was actually created in 1860s, although some of its duties had bounced around in the Patent office prior to that. The Department of the Interior, therefore, very much predates the Department of Agriculture in any form. It didn't become a cabinet level department until 1889, almost the era that this post deals with.
That's significant for a lot of reasons, most of which we'll skip for the time being. Worth nothing here, however, is that the Federal government became hugely interested in agriculture during the 1930s, due to the Great Depression. Lots of programs sprang up at that time designed to deal with farm relief and environmental conditions that the 30s demanded. Not all of those were successful by any means.
The Depression was followed by World War Two which created a massive strain on the county's food production.
And that was followed by the Cold War and the 1950s, which started a really odd era of "get big or get out" that was partially fueled by Cold War fears, partially fueled by the "cheap food" policy of the era, and partially fueled by apocalyptic food scenarios that the government feared. We still live in that era as its become institutionalized, although in terms of direct involvement, the Federal government has much reduce its activities.
Monday, October 7, 2019
Lex Anteinternet: Foods, Seasons, and our Memories. A Hundred Year...
Linked in due to the reference to rail transportation, and in case I'm wrong on that and can otherwise be corrected if so.
Lex Anteinternet: Foods, Seasons, and our Memories. A Hundred Year...:
Another interesting entry on A Hundred Years Ago.
I've touched on this here in the past, but one thing that's very much different from our current, refrigerated, freezer, grocery store frozen food, transportation directly from Mexico, world, is the way we eat.
And by that I don't mean the latest wacky food fetish (you know, don't eat that, eat this, no don't, no do, um,. . . ).
No, I mean that it varied seasonally, by necessity. And beyond that the seasons dictated to a certain extent what you ate at all.
On prior entries here you'll find photographs of grocery stores with signs painted on them noting that they "bought vegetables". Indeed, at the courthouse in Sheridan Wyoming there's a great photograph of downtown Sheridan in its early days with a store painted on its side with that it "buys and sells" vegetables. I.e, it was doing the locavore thing by necessity.
Indeed, that local produce history, dimly remembered and somewhat inaccurately recalled, is one of the founding mythic memories of the Locavore movement, that movement which, as an environmental ethos, demands that you "eat local".
I'm not dissing this. Indeed, in my imaginary world in which I get to live just the way I'd want to, I'd be one of those guys who ate local as much as possible. I'd put in a big garden every year and for meat I'd eat the fish, fowl and game animals I shot during the year. Yes, I'd go full 1719 if I had the option.
Shoot, I might even brew my own beer.
My wife, who doesn't want to live in 1719, and prefers 2019, keeps this from occurring, although in years past I have put in a big garden (I'm on year two right now of a well failure I haven't addressed) and as we raise beef, we have a lot of grass fed beef that appears on our table. But the idea remains attractive.
Anyhow, one thing about having in the past having sort of lived that lifestyle, first by necessity and then by design, and because I'm a student of history as well as everything else, I know that the concept of "eating local" isn't quite what a person might suspect, if they really apply it.
That's because you have to eat local, based on where you live.
And that's at least partially what almost everyone did, in varying degrees, up until the 1950s.
Put another way, people had fresh vegetables in the summer and fall, as that's when they were available.
Let's consider the humble cabbage.
Cabbage probably isn't your favorite vegetable (I like cabbage, but my wife really dislikes it). But cabbage doesn't keep all winter. Planted in the spring, it's ready to eat about 80 days later. So that makes it available sometime in late spring or early summer depending up where you live. And a lot of places it would be available all summer long into the fall. But once it started to frost, that would be it.
So here, if you planted it, it would be first available in June, and last in September. That's it.
You can't keep it after that.
And this would be true of most fresh vegetables. You'd have them when they first matured. If they are a crop like cabbage, lettuce or spinach that you can keep growing, you'd have them all summer. If they were a crop like corn, peas, green beans or peppers, they'd be ready and fresh just once. In some places, you'd get a second crop in, in others, not.
Well what about after that?
Just truck it in, right?
Well, not so much.
In 1919 the road system, as we've seen, did not allow for transcontinental transportation of fresh produce. Indeed, an irony of the road system in the country is that it had deteriorated as the railroad system was so good.
Of course that would mean that shipping by rail was an option. It had certainly been done for meat, and beer, in refrigerated rail cars dating back to the mid 19th Century. I can find no evidence, however, that it was done with vegetables, and there's probably reasons for that.
If it was done, it was apparently not done much, but I'll take correction on that.
So no vegetables in the winter?
No, that was not the case at all. It's just that they were not, as the item noted, "fresh".
For one thing, canning was already a thing, both commercial canning, which was common, and home canning, which was also common. So you could buy canned vegetables all year around. And this time of year thousands of people. . . mostly women, were busy canning their own garden produce.
The process for canning had been worked out in the mid 1800s, and it spread fairly quickly, in part due to armies picking it up to feed their troops in the big wars of the 19th Century. One thing armies did, I'd note, is to can meat as well, in British parlance "potted meat", which few average people do, but the mother of my father in law did in fact do just that, the only individual person I've ever known to do that.
I'll be frank that home canning scares me and my family never did it, for which I'm thankful. I'm not afraid of canned anything at the store, and I'm rather fond of some canned items, but home canning always makes me a bit queasy. Too many stories, perhaps, that I heard as a child. Anyhow, home canning was still widely practiced when I was a kid in the 60s and 70s, again all by women. I know very few people who do it now.
Lex Anteinternet: Foods, Seasons, and our Memories. A Hundred Year...:
Foods, Seasons, and our Memories. A Hundred Years Ago: The Last Fresh Vegetable Month
The last garden I put in, 2017.
Another interesting entry on A Hundred Years Ago.
The Last Fresh Vegetable Month
I've touched on this here in the past, but one thing that's very much different from our current, refrigerated, freezer, grocery store frozen food, transportation directly from Mexico, world, is the way we eat.
And by that I don't mean the latest wacky food fetish (you know, don't eat that, eat this, no don't, no do, um,. . . ).
No, I mean that it varied seasonally, by necessity. And beyond that the seasons dictated to a certain extent what you ate at all.
On prior entries here you'll find photographs of grocery stores with signs painted on them noting that they "bought vegetables". Indeed, at the courthouse in Sheridan Wyoming there's a great photograph of downtown Sheridan in its early days with a store painted on its side with that it "buys and sells" vegetables. I.e, it was doing the locavore thing by necessity.
Indeed, that local produce history, dimly remembered and somewhat inaccurately recalled, is one of the founding mythic memories of the Locavore movement, that movement which, as an environmental ethos, demands that you "eat local".
Pueblo Indian, 1890, living the lifestyle I would, were it an option.
Shoot, I might even brew my own beer.
My wife, who doesn't want to live in 1719, and prefers 2019, keeps this from occurring, although in years past I have put in a big garden (I'm on year two right now of a well failure I haven't addressed) and as we raise beef, we have a lot of grass fed beef that appears on our table. But the idea remains attractive.
Anyhow, one thing about having in the past having sort of lived that lifestyle, first by necessity and then by design, and because I'm a student of history as well as everything else, I know that the concept of "eating local" isn't quite what a person might suspect, if they really apply it.
That's because you have to eat local, based on where you live.
"Modern Street Market", 1920s.
And that's at least partially what almost everyone did, in varying degrees, up until the 1950s.
Put another way, people had fresh vegetables in the summer and fall, as that's when they were available.
Let's consider the humble cabbage.
Cabbage probably isn't your favorite vegetable (I like cabbage, but my wife really dislikes it). But cabbage doesn't keep all winter. Planted in the spring, it's ready to eat about 80 days later. So that makes it available sometime in late spring or early summer depending up where you live. And a lot of places it would be available all summer long into the fall. But once it started to frost, that would be it.
So here, if you planted it, it would be first available in June, and last in September. That's it.
You can't keep it after that.
And this would be true of most fresh vegetables. You'd have them when they first matured. If they are a crop like cabbage, lettuce or spinach that you can keep growing, you'd have them all summer. If they were a crop like corn, peas, green beans or peppers, they'd be ready and fresh just once. In some places, you'd get a second crop in, in others, not.
Well what about after that?
Just truck it in, right?
Well, not so much.
In 1919 the road system, as we've seen, did not allow for transcontinental transportation of fresh produce. Indeed, an irony of the road system in the country is that it had deteriorated as the railroad system was so good.
Of course that would mean that shipping by rail was an option. It had certainly been done for meat, and beer, in refrigerated rail cars dating back to the mid 19th Century. I can find no evidence, however, that it was done with vegetables, and there's probably reasons for that.
If it was done, it was apparently not done much, but I'll take correction on that.
So no vegetables in the winter?
No, that was not the case at all. It's just that they were not, as the item noted, "fresh".
1918 poster urging people to turn their backyards into gardens.
Poster urging home canning from World War One.
Famine was a real specter in World War One and World War Two. This Second World War urged home canning to combat it.
I'll be frank that home canning scares me and my family never did it, for which I'm thankful. I'm not afraid of canned anything at the store, and I'm rather fond of some canned items, but home canning always makes me a bit queasy. Too many stories, perhaps, that I heard as a child. Anyhow, home canning was still widely practiced when I was a kid in the 60s and 70s, again all by women. I know very few people who do it now.
This World War Two era poster urged growing more at home and canning.
My parents always froze some of their garden crop. But this wasn't an option for people a century ago. People didn't have home freezers like so many do now. For that matter, the overwhelming majority of people had an ice box. Refrigerators weren't a common thing at the time.
Exceptionally nice ice box. Most homes didn't have one this large or elaborate.
We've dealt with this before, but ice boxes kept stuff cool, not frozen, and had to be regularly replenished with ice for that purpose. People were still using ice boxes into the 1950s although their days were rapidly waning then. At any rate, suffice it to say, if you could only keep things cool at home, you clearly had no means of keeping things frozen. No frozen vegetables at any time of the year in 1919.
Some vegetables keep a long time, however, if kept correctly. Potatoes, for example, keep a really long time. I've kept potatoes that were harvested in September or October all the way through until late February or March, when I was nearly ready to plant the next crop.
That emphasizes why a crop like potatoes was such a big deal at one time. They keep. And a potato that's kept isn't much different in February, if kept properly, than it was in October. "Meat and potatoes" weren't a staple as people lacked imagination or something. You could have potatoes with your meat pretty much all year long. And there's a few other crops in this category.
Additionally, some crops dry well. Beans are one, and so do peas. Cowpeas (Cow Peas) were an 18th Century staple. You probably know them by the name "Black Eyed Peas". Still a popular food in the United States, particularly the South, they are a food staple in some parts of the world.
Other legumes and beans keep dried really readily as well. The old jokes you hear associated with cowboys and soldiers about repeatedly eating beans are based on the fact that they keep and transport readily. If you are on the trail, flour and beans are easy keepers. So "biscuits and beans" and "bacon and beans" would have been common foods out of necessity.
So during the summer you'd eat fresh heart vegetables, right?
Well, yes. At least they were available during the summer most places. If you were far enough south, they'd be available all year long.
But that's only part of the story.
Other legumes and beans keep dried really readily as well. The old jokes you hear associated with cowboys and soldiers about repeatedly eating beans are based on the fact that they keep and transport readily. If you are on the trail, flour and beans are easy keepers. So "biscuits and beans" and "bacon and beans" would have been common foods out of necessity.
So during the summer you'd eat fresh heart vegetables, right?
Well, yes. At least they were available during the summer most places. If you were far enough south, they'd be available all year long.
But that's only part of the story.
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